Source file test/fibo.go

     1  // skip
     2  
     3  // Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
     4  // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
     5  // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
     6  
     7  // Usage:
     8  // fibo <n>     compute fibonacci(n), n must be >= 0
     9  // fibo -bench  benchmark fibonacci computation (takes about 1 min)
    10  //
    11  // Additional flags:
    12  // -half        add values using two half-digit additions
    13  // -opt         optimize memory allocation through reuse
    14  // -short       only print the first 10 digits of very large fibonacci numbers
    15  
    16  // Command fibo is a stand-alone test and benchmark to
    17  // evaluate the performance of bignum arithmetic written
    18  // entirely in Go.
    19  package main
    20  
    21  import (
    22  	"flag"
    23  	"fmt"
    24  	"math/big" // only used for printing
    25  	"os"
    26  	"strconv"
    27  	"testing"
    28  	"text/tabwriter"
    29  	"time"
    30  )
    31  
    32  var (
    33  	bench = flag.Bool("bench", false, "run benchmarks")
    34  	half  = flag.Bool("half", false, "use half-digit addition")
    35  	opt   = flag.Bool("opt", false, "optimize memory usage")
    36  	short = flag.Bool("short", false, "only print first 10 digits of result")
    37  )
    38  
    39  // A large natural number is represented by a nat, each "digit" is
    40  // a big.Word; the value zero corresponds to the empty nat slice.
    41  type nat []big.Word
    42  
    43  const W = 1 << (5 + ^big.Word(0)>>63) // big.Word size in bits
    44  
    45  // The following methods are extracted from math/big to make this a
    46  // stand-alone program that can easily be run without dependencies
    47  // and compiled with different compilers.
    48  
    49  func (z nat) make(n int) nat {
    50  	if n <= cap(z) {
    51  		return z[:n] // reuse z
    52  	}
    53  	// Choosing a good value for e has significant performance impact
    54  	// because it increases the chance that a value can be reused.
    55  	const e = 4 // extra capacity
    56  	return make(nat, n, n+e)
    57  }
    58  
    59  // z = x
    60  func (z nat) set(x nat) nat {
    61  	z = z.make(len(x))
    62  	copy(z, x)
    63  	return z
    64  }
    65  
    66  // z = x + y
    67  // (like add, but operating on half-digits at a time)
    68  func (z nat) halfAdd(x, y nat) nat {
    69  	m := len(x)
    70  	n := len(y)
    71  
    72  	switch {
    73  	case m < n:
    74  		return z.add(y, x)
    75  	case m == 0:
    76  		// n == 0 because m >= n; result is 0
    77  		return z.make(0)
    78  	case n == 0:
    79  		// result is x
    80  		return z.set(x)
    81  	}
    82  	// m >= n > 0
    83  
    84  	const W2 = W / 2         // half-digit size in bits
    85  	const M2 = (1 << W2) - 1 // lower half-digit mask
    86  
    87  	z = z.make(m + 1)
    88  	var c big.Word
    89  	for i := 0; i < n; i++ {
    90  		// lower half-digit
    91  		c += x[i]&M2 + y[i]&M2
    92  		d := c & M2
    93  		c >>= W2
    94  		// upper half-digit
    95  		c += x[i]>>W2 + y[i]>>W2
    96  		z[i] = c<<W2 | d
    97  		c >>= W2
    98  	}
    99  	for i := n; i < m; i++ {
   100  		// lower half-digit
   101  		c += x[i] & M2
   102  		d := c & M2
   103  		c >>= W2
   104  		// upper half-digit
   105  		c += x[i] >> W2
   106  		z[i] = c<<W2 | d
   107  		c >>= W2
   108  	}
   109  	if c != 0 {
   110  		z[m] = c
   111  		m++
   112  	}
   113  	return z[:m]
   114  }
   115  
   116  // z = x + y
   117  func (z nat) add(x, y nat) nat {
   118  	m := len(x)
   119  	n := len(y)
   120  
   121  	switch {
   122  	case m < n:
   123  		return z.add(y, x)
   124  	case m == 0:
   125  		// n == 0 because m >= n; result is 0
   126  		return z.make(0)
   127  	case n == 0:
   128  		// result is x
   129  		return z.set(x)
   130  	}
   131  	// m >= n > 0
   132  
   133  	z = z.make(m + 1)
   134  	var c big.Word
   135  
   136  	for i, xi := range x[:n] {
   137  		yi := y[i]
   138  		zi := xi + yi + c
   139  		z[i] = zi
   140  		// see "Hacker's Delight", section 2-12 (overflow detection)
   141  		c = ((xi & yi) | ((xi | yi) &^ zi)) >> (W - 1)
   142  	}
   143  	for i, xi := range x[n:] {
   144  		zi := xi + c
   145  		z[n+i] = zi
   146  		c = (xi &^ zi) >> (W - 1)
   147  		if c == 0 {
   148  			copy(z[n+i+1:], x[i+1:])
   149  			break
   150  		}
   151  	}
   152  	if c != 0 {
   153  		z[m] = c
   154  		m++
   155  	}
   156  	return z[:m]
   157  }
   158  
   159  func bitlen(x big.Word) int {
   160  	n := 0
   161  	for x > 0 {
   162  		x >>= 1
   163  		n++
   164  	}
   165  	return n
   166  }
   167  
   168  func (x nat) bitlen() int {
   169  	if i := len(x); i > 0 {
   170  		return (i-1)*W + bitlen(x[i-1])
   171  	}
   172  	return 0
   173  }
   174  
   175  func (x nat) String() string {
   176  	const shortLen = 10
   177  	s := new(big.Int).SetBits(x).String()
   178  	if *short && len(s) > shortLen {
   179  		s = s[:shortLen] + "..."
   180  	}
   181  	return s
   182  }
   183  
   184  func fibo(n int, half, opt bool) nat {
   185  	switch n {
   186  	case 0:
   187  		return nil
   188  	case 1:
   189  		return nat{1}
   190  	}
   191  	f0 := nat(nil)
   192  	f1 := nat{1}
   193  	if half {
   194  		if opt {
   195  			var f2 nat // reuse f2
   196  			for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
   197  				f2 = f2.halfAdd(f1, f0)
   198  				f0, f1, f2 = f1, f2, f0
   199  			}
   200  		} else {
   201  			for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
   202  				f2 := nat(nil).halfAdd(f1, f0) // allocate a new f2 each time
   203  				f0, f1 = f1, f2
   204  			}
   205  		}
   206  	} else {
   207  		if opt {
   208  			var f2 nat // reuse f2
   209  			for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
   210  				f2 = f2.add(f1, f0)
   211  				f0, f1, f2 = f1, f2, f0
   212  			}
   213  		} else {
   214  			for i := 1; i < n; i++ {
   215  				f2 := nat(nil).add(f1, f0) // allocate a new f2 each time
   216  				f0, f1 = f1, f2
   217  			}
   218  		}
   219  	}
   220  	return f1 // was f2 before shuffle
   221  }
   222  
   223  var tests = []struct {
   224  	n    int
   225  	want string
   226  }{
   227  	{0, "0"},
   228  	{1, "1"},
   229  	{2, "1"},
   230  	{3, "2"},
   231  	{4, "3"},
   232  	{5, "5"},
   233  	{6, "8"},
   234  	{7, "13"},
   235  	{8, "21"},
   236  	{9, "34"},
   237  	{10, "55"},
   238  	{100, "354224848179261915075"},
   239  	{1000, "43466557686937456435688527675040625802564660517371780402481729089536555417949051890403879840079255169295922593080322634775209689623239873322471161642996440906533187938298969649928516003704476137795166849228875"},
   240  }
   241  
   242  func test(half, opt bool) {
   243  	for _, test := range tests {
   244  		got := fibo(test.n, half, opt).String()
   245  		if got != test.want {
   246  			fmt.Printf("error: got std fibo(%d) = %s; want %s\n", test.n, got, test.want)
   247  			os.Exit(1)
   248  		}
   249  	}
   250  }
   251  
   252  func selfTest() {
   253  	if W != 32 && W != 64 {
   254  		fmt.Printf("error: unexpected wordsize %d", W)
   255  		os.Exit(1)
   256  	}
   257  	for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
   258  		test(i&2 == 0, i&1 != 0)
   259  	}
   260  }
   261  
   262  func doFibo(n int) {
   263  	start := time.Now()
   264  	f := fibo(n, *half, *opt)
   265  	t := time.Since(start)
   266  	fmt.Printf("fibo(%d) = %s (%d bits, %s)\n", n, f, f.bitlen(), t)
   267  }
   268  
   269  func benchFibo(b *testing.B, n int, half, opt bool) {
   270  	for i := 0; i < b.N; i++ {
   271  		fibo(n, half, opt)
   272  	}
   273  }
   274  
   275  func doBench(half, opt bool) {
   276  	w := tabwriter.NewWriter(os.Stdout, 0, 8, 2, ' ', tabwriter.AlignRight)
   277  	fmt.Fprintf(w, "wordsize = %d, half = %v, opt = %v\n", W, half, opt)
   278  	fmt.Fprintf(w, "n\talloc count\talloc bytes\tns/op\ttime/op\t\n")
   279  	for n := 1; n <= 1e6; n *= 10 {
   280  		res := testing.Benchmark(func(b *testing.B) { benchFibo(b, n, half, opt) })
   281  		fmt.Fprintf(w, "%d\t%d\t%d\t%d\t%s\t\n", n, res.AllocsPerOp(), res.AllocedBytesPerOp(), res.NsPerOp(), time.Duration(res.NsPerOp()))
   282  	}
   283  	fmt.Fprintln(w)
   284  	w.Flush()
   285  }
   286  
   287  func main() {
   288  	selfTest()
   289  	flag.Parse()
   290  
   291  	if args := flag.Args(); len(args) > 0 {
   292  		// command-line use
   293  		fmt.Printf("half = %v, opt = %v, wordsize = %d bits\n", *half, *opt, W)
   294  		for _, arg := range args {
   295  			n, err := strconv.Atoi(arg)
   296  			if err != nil || n < 0 {
   297  				fmt.Println("invalid argument", arg)
   298  				continue
   299  			}
   300  			doFibo(n)
   301  		}
   302  		return
   303  	}
   304  
   305  	if *bench {
   306  		for i := 0; i < 4; i++ {
   307  			doBench(i&2 == 0, i&1 != 0)
   308  		}
   309  	}
   310  }
   311  

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