Source file src/runtime/trace.go

Documentation: runtime

  // Copyright 2014 The Go Authors. All rights reserved.
  // Use of this source code is governed by a BSD-style
  // license that can be found in the LICENSE file.
  
  // Go execution tracer.
  // The tracer captures a wide range of execution events like goroutine
  // creation/blocking/unblocking, syscall enter/exit/block, GC-related events,
  // changes of heap size, processor start/stop, etc and writes them to a buffer
  // in a compact form. A precise nanosecond-precision timestamp and a stack
  // trace is captured for most events.
  // See https://golang.org/s/go15trace for more info.
  
  package runtime
  
  import (
  	"runtime/internal/sys"
  	"unsafe"
  )
  
  // Event types in the trace, args are given in square brackets.
  const (
  	traceEvNone           = 0  // unused
  	traceEvBatch          = 1  // start of per-P batch of events [pid, timestamp]
  	traceEvFrequency      = 2  // contains tracer timer frequency [frequency (ticks per second)]
  	traceEvStack          = 3  // stack [stack id, number of PCs, array of {PC, func string ID, file string ID, line}]
  	traceEvGomaxprocs     = 4  // current value of GOMAXPROCS [timestamp, GOMAXPROCS, stack id]
  	traceEvProcStart      = 5  // start of P [timestamp, thread id]
  	traceEvProcStop       = 6  // stop of P [timestamp]
  	traceEvGCStart        = 7  // GC start [timestamp, seq, stack id]
  	traceEvGCDone         = 8  // GC done [timestamp]
  	traceEvGCScanStart    = 9  // GC mark termination start [timestamp]
  	traceEvGCScanDone     = 10 // GC mark termination done [timestamp]
  	traceEvGCSweepStart   = 11 // GC sweep start [timestamp, stack id]
  	traceEvGCSweepDone    = 12 // GC sweep done [timestamp]
  	traceEvGoCreate       = 13 // goroutine creation [timestamp, new goroutine id, new stack id, stack id]
  	traceEvGoStart        = 14 // goroutine starts running [timestamp, goroutine id, seq]
  	traceEvGoEnd          = 15 // goroutine ends [timestamp]
  	traceEvGoStop         = 16 // goroutine stops (like in select{}) [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvGoSched        = 17 // goroutine calls Gosched [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvGoPreempt      = 18 // goroutine is preempted [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvGoSleep        = 19 // goroutine calls Sleep [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvGoBlock        = 20 // goroutine blocks [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvGoUnblock      = 21 // goroutine is unblocked [timestamp, goroutine id, seq, stack]
  	traceEvGoBlockSend    = 22 // goroutine blocks on chan send [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvGoBlockRecv    = 23 // goroutine blocks on chan recv [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvGoBlockSelect  = 24 // goroutine blocks on select [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvGoBlockSync    = 25 // goroutine blocks on Mutex/RWMutex [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvGoBlockCond    = 26 // goroutine blocks on Cond [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvGoBlockNet     = 27 // goroutine blocks on network [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvGoSysCall      = 28 // syscall enter [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvGoSysExit      = 29 // syscall exit [timestamp, goroutine id, seq, real timestamp]
  	traceEvGoSysBlock     = 30 // syscall blocks [timestamp]
  	traceEvGoWaiting      = 31 // denotes that goroutine is blocked when tracing starts [timestamp, goroutine id]
  	traceEvGoInSyscall    = 32 // denotes that goroutine is in syscall when tracing starts [timestamp, goroutine id]
  	traceEvHeapAlloc      = 33 // memstats.heap_live change [timestamp, heap_alloc]
  	traceEvNextGC         = 34 // memstats.next_gc change [timestamp, next_gc]
  	traceEvTimerGoroutine = 35 // denotes timer goroutine [timer goroutine id]
  	traceEvFutileWakeup   = 36 // denotes that the previous wakeup of this goroutine was futile [timestamp]
  	traceEvString         = 37 // string dictionary entry [ID, length, string]
  	traceEvGoStartLocal   = 38 // goroutine starts running on the same P as the last event [timestamp, goroutine id]
  	traceEvGoUnblockLocal = 39 // goroutine is unblocked on the same P as the last event [timestamp, goroutine id, stack]
  	traceEvGoSysExitLocal = 40 // syscall exit on the same P as the last event [timestamp, goroutine id, real timestamp]
  	traceEvGoStartLabel   = 41 // goroutine starts running with label [timestamp, goroutine id, seq, label string id]
  	traceEvGoBlockGC      = 42 // goroutine blocks on GC assist [timestamp, stack]
  	traceEvCount          = 43
  )
  
  const (
  	// Timestamps in trace are cputicks/traceTickDiv.
  	// This makes absolute values of timestamp diffs smaller,
  	// and so they are encoded in less number of bytes.
  	// 64 on x86 is somewhat arbitrary (one tick is ~20ns on a 3GHz machine).
  	// The suggested increment frequency for PowerPC's time base register is
  	// 512 MHz according to Power ISA v2.07 section 6.2, so we use 16 on ppc64
  	// and ppc64le.
  	// Tracing won't work reliably for architectures where cputicks is emulated
  	// by nanotime, so the value doesn't matter for those architectures.
  	traceTickDiv = 16 + 48*(sys.Goarch386|sys.GoarchAmd64|sys.GoarchAmd64p32)
  	// Maximum number of PCs in a single stack trace.
  	// Since events contain only stack id rather than whole stack trace,
  	// we can allow quite large values here.
  	traceStackSize = 128
  	// Identifier of a fake P that is used when we trace without a real P.
  	traceGlobProc = -1
  	// Maximum number of bytes to encode uint64 in base-128.
  	traceBytesPerNumber = 10
  	// Shift of the number of arguments in the first event byte.
  	traceArgCountShift = 6
  	// Flag passed to traceGoPark to denote that the previous wakeup of this
  	// goroutine was futile. For example, a goroutine was unblocked on a mutex,
  	// but another goroutine got ahead and acquired the mutex before the first
  	// goroutine is scheduled, so the first goroutine has to block again.
  	// Such wakeups happen on buffered channels and sync.Mutex,
  	// but are generally not interesting for end user.
  	traceFutileWakeup byte = 128
  )
  
  // trace is global tracing context.
  var trace struct {
  	lock          mutex       // protects the following members
  	lockOwner     *g          // to avoid deadlocks during recursive lock locks
  	enabled       bool        // when set runtime traces events
  	shutdown      bool        // set when we are waiting for trace reader to finish after setting enabled to false
  	headerWritten bool        // whether ReadTrace has emitted trace header
  	footerWritten bool        // whether ReadTrace has emitted trace footer
  	shutdownSema  uint32      // used to wait for ReadTrace completion
  	seqStart      uint64      // sequence number when tracing was started
  	ticksStart    int64       // cputicks when tracing was started
  	ticksEnd      int64       // cputicks when tracing was stopped
  	timeStart     int64       // nanotime when tracing was started
  	timeEnd       int64       // nanotime when tracing was stopped
  	seqGC         uint64      // GC start/done sequencer
  	reading       traceBufPtr // buffer currently handed off to user
  	empty         traceBufPtr // stack of empty buffers
  	fullHead      traceBufPtr // queue of full buffers
  	fullTail      traceBufPtr
  	reader        guintptr        // goroutine that called ReadTrace, or nil
  	stackTab      traceStackTable // maps stack traces to unique ids
  
  	// Dictionary for traceEvString.
  	//
  	// Currently this is used only at trace setup and for
  	// func/file:line info after tracing session, so we assume
  	// single-threaded access.
  	strings   map[string]uint64
  	stringSeq uint64
  
  	// markWorkerLabels maps gcMarkWorkerMode to string ID.
  	markWorkerLabels [len(gcMarkWorkerModeStrings)]uint64
  
  	bufLock mutex       // protects buf
  	buf     traceBufPtr // global trace buffer, used when running without a p
  }
  
  // traceBufHeader is per-P tracing buffer.
  type traceBufHeader struct {
  	link      traceBufPtr             // in trace.empty/full
  	lastTicks uint64                  // when we wrote the last event
  	pos       int                     // next write offset in arr
  	stk       [traceStackSize]uintptr // scratch buffer for traceback
  }
  
  // traceBuf is per-P tracing buffer.
  //
  //go:notinheap
  type traceBuf struct {
  	traceBufHeader
  	arr [64<<10 - unsafe.Sizeof(traceBufHeader{})]byte // underlying buffer for traceBufHeader.buf
  }
  
  // traceBufPtr is a *traceBuf that is not traced by the garbage
  // collector and doesn't have write barriers. traceBufs are not
  // allocated from the GC'd heap, so this is safe, and are often
  // manipulated in contexts where write barriers are not allowed, so
  // this is necessary.
  //
  // TODO: Since traceBuf is now go:notinheap, this isn't necessary.
  type traceBufPtr uintptr
  
  func (tp traceBufPtr) ptr() *traceBuf   { return (*traceBuf)(unsafe.Pointer(tp)) }
  func (tp *traceBufPtr) set(b *traceBuf) { *tp = traceBufPtr(unsafe.Pointer(b)) }
  func traceBufPtrOf(b *traceBuf) traceBufPtr {
  	return traceBufPtr(unsafe.Pointer(b))
  }
  
  // StartTrace enables tracing for the current process.
  // While tracing, the data will be buffered and available via ReadTrace.
  // StartTrace returns an error if tracing is already enabled.
  // Most clients should use the runtime/trace package or the testing package's
  // -test.trace flag instead of calling StartTrace directly.
  func StartTrace() error {
  	// Stop the world, so that we can take a consistent snapshot
  	// of all goroutines at the beginning of the trace.
  	stopTheWorld("start tracing")
  
  	// We are in stop-the-world, but syscalls can finish and write to trace concurrently.
  	// Exitsyscall could check trace.enabled long before and then suddenly wake up
  	// and decide to write to trace at a random point in time.
  	// However, such syscall will use the global trace.buf buffer, because we've
  	// acquired all p's by doing stop-the-world. So this protects us from such races.
  	lock(&trace.bufLock)
  
  	if trace.enabled || trace.shutdown {
  		unlock(&trace.bufLock)
  		startTheWorld()
  		return errorString("tracing is already enabled")
  	}
  
  	// Can't set trace.enabled yet. While the world is stopped, exitsyscall could
  	// already emit a delayed event (see exitTicks in exitsyscall) if we set trace.enabled here.
  	// That would lead to an inconsistent trace:
  	// - either GoSysExit appears before EvGoInSyscall,
  	// - or GoSysExit appears for a goroutine for which we don't emit EvGoInSyscall below.
  	// To instruct traceEvent that it must not ignore events below, we set startingtrace.
  	// trace.enabled is set afterwards once we have emitted all preliminary events.
  	_g_ := getg()
  	_g_.m.startingtrace = true
  
  	// Obtain current stack ID to use in all traceEvGoCreate events below.
  	mp := acquirem()
  	stkBuf := make([]uintptr, traceStackSize)
  	stackID := traceStackID(mp, stkBuf, 2)
  	releasem(mp)
  
  	for _, gp := range allgs {
  		status := readgstatus(gp)
  		if status != _Gdead {
  			gp.traceseq = 0
  			gp.tracelastp = getg().m.p
  			// +PCQuantum because traceFrameForPC expects return PCs and subtracts PCQuantum.
  			id := trace.stackTab.put([]uintptr{gp.startpc + sys.PCQuantum})
  			traceEvent(traceEvGoCreate, -1, uint64(gp.goid), uint64(id), stackID)
  		}
  		if status == _Gwaiting {
  			// traceEvGoWaiting is implied to have seq=1.
  			gp.traceseq++
  			traceEvent(traceEvGoWaiting, -1, uint64(gp.goid))
  		}
  		if status == _Gsyscall {
  			gp.traceseq++
  			traceEvent(traceEvGoInSyscall, -1, uint64(gp.goid))
  		} else {
  			gp.sysblocktraced = false
  		}
  	}
  	traceProcStart()
  	traceGoStart()
  	// Note: ticksStart needs to be set after we emit traceEvGoInSyscall events.
  	// If we do it the other way around, it is possible that exitsyscall will
  	// query sysexitticks after ticksStart but before traceEvGoInSyscall timestamp.
  	// It will lead to a false conclusion that cputicks is broken.
  	trace.ticksStart = cputicks()
  	trace.timeStart = nanotime()
  	trace.headerWritten = false
  	trace.footerWritten = false
  	trace.strings = make(map[string]uint64)
  	trace.stringSeq = 0
  	trace.seqGC = 0
  	_g_.m.startingtrace = false
  	trace.enabled = true
  
  	// Register runtime goroutine labels.
  	_, pid, bufp := traceAcquireBuffer()
  	buf := (*bufp).ptr()
  	if buf == nil {
  		buf = traceFlush(0).ptr()
  		(*bufp).set(buf)
  	}
  	for i, label := range gcMarkWorkerModeStrings[:] {
  		trace.markWorkerLabels[i], buf = traceString(buf, label)
  	}
  	traceReleaseBuffer(pid)
  
  	unlock(&trace.bufLock)
  
  	startTheWorld()
  	return nil
  }
  
  // StopTrace stops tracing, if it was previously enabled.
  // StopTrace only returns after all the reads for the trace have completed.
  func StopTrace() {
  	// Stop the world so that we can collect the trace buffers from all p's below,
  	// and also to avoid races with traceEvent.
  	stopTheWorld("stop tracing")
  
  	// See the comment in StartTrace.
  	lock(&trace.bufLock)
  
  	if !trace.enabled {
  		unlock(&trace.bufLock)
  		startTheWorld()
  		return
  	}
  
  	traceGoSched()
  
  	for _, p := range &allp {
  		if p == nil {
  			break
  		}
  		buf := p.tracebuf
  		if buf != 0 {
  			traceFullQueue(buf)
  			p.tracebuf = 0
  		}
  	}
  	if trace.buf != 0 {
  		buf := trace.buf
  		trace.buf = 0
  		if buf.ptr().pos != 0 {
  			traceFullQueue(buf)
  		}
  	}
  
  	for {
  		trace.ticksEnd = cputicks()
  		trace.timeEnd = nanotime()
  		// Windows time can tick only every 15ms, wait for at least one tick.
  		if trace.timeEnd != trace.timeStart {
  			break
  		}
  		osyield()
  	}
  
  	trace.enabled = false
  	trace.shutdown = true
  	unlock(&trace.bufLock)
  
  	startTheWorld()
  
  	// The world is started but we've set trace.shutdown, so new tracing can't start.
  	// Wait for the trace reader to flush pending buffers and stop.
  	semacquire(&trace.shutdownSema, 0)
  	if raceenabled {
  		raceacquire(unsafe.Pointer(&trace.shutdownSema))
  	}
  
  	// The lock protects us from races with StartTrace/StopTrace because they do stop-the-world.
  	lock(&trace.lock)
  	for _, p := range &allp {
  		if p == nil {
  			break
  		}
  		if p.tracebuf != 0 {
  			throw("trace: non-empty trace buffer in proc")
  		}
  	}
  	if trace.buf != 0 {
  		throw("trace: non-empty global trace buffer")
  	}
  	if trace.fullHead != 0 || trace.fullTail != 0 {
  		throw("trace: non-empty full trace buffer")
  	}
  	if trace.reading != 0 || trace.reader != 0 {
  		throw("trace: reading after shutdown")
  	}
  	for trace.empty != 0 {
  		buf := trace.empty
  		trace.empty = buf.ptr().link
  		sysFree(unsafe.Pointer(buf), unsafe.Sizeof(*buf.ptr()), &memstats.other_sys)
  	}
  	trace.strings = nil
  	trace.shutdown = false
  	unlock(&trace.lock)
  }
  
  // ReadTrace returns the next chunk of binary tracing data, blocking until data
  // is available. If tracing is turned off and all the data accumulated while it
  // was on has been returned, ReadTrace returns nil. The caller must copy the
  // returned data before calling ReadTrace again.
  // ReadTrace must be called from one goroutine at a time.
  func ReadTrace() []byte {
  	// This function may need to lock trace.lock recursively
  	// (goparkunlock -> traceGoPark -> traceEvent -> traceFlush).
  	// To allow this we use trace.lockOwner.
  	// Also this function must not allocate while holding trace.lock:
  	// allocation can call heap allocate, which will try to emit a trace
  	// event while holding heap lock.
  	lock(&trace.lock)
  	trace.lockOwner = getg()
  
  	if trace.reader != 0 {
  		// More than one goroutine reads trace. This is bad.
  		// But we rather do not crash the program because of tracing,
  		// because tracing can be enabled at runtime on prod servers.
  		trace.lockOwner = nil
  		unlock(&trace.lock)
  		println("runtime: ReadTrace called from multiple goroutines simultaneously")
  		return nil
  	}
  	// Recycle the old buffer.
  	if buf := trace.reading; buf != 0 {
  		buf.ptr().link = trace.empty
  		trace.empty = buf
  		trace.reading = 0
  	}
  	// Write trace header.
  	if !trace.headerWritten {
  		trace.headerWritten = true
  		trace.lockOwner = nil
  		unlock(&trace.lock)
  		return []byte("go 1.8 trace\x00\x00\x00\x00")
  	}
  	// Wait for new data.
  	if trace.fullHead == 0 && !trace.shutdown {
  		trace.reader.set(getg())
  		goparkunlock(&trace.lock, "trace reader (blocked)", traceEvGoBlock, 2)
  		lock(&trace.lock)
  	}
  	// Write a buffer.
  	if trace.fullHead != 0 {
  		buf := traceFullDequeue()
  		trace.reading = buf
  		trace.lockOwner = nil
  		unlock(&trace.lock)
  		return buf.ptr().arr[:buf.ptr().pos]
  	}
  	// Write footer with timer frequency.
  	if !trace.footerWritten {
  		trace.footerWritten = true
  		// Use float64 because (trace.ticksEnd - trace.ticksStart) * 1e9 can overflow int64.
  		freq := float64(trace.ticksEnd-trace.ticksStart) * 1e9 / float64(trace.timeEnd-trace.timeStart) / traceTickDiv
  		trace.lockOwner = nil
  		unlock(&trace.lock)
  		var data []byte
  		data = append(data, traceEvFrequency|0<<traceArgCountShift)
  		data = traceAppend(data, uint64(freq))
  		if timers.gp != nil {
  			data = append(data, traceEvTimerGoroutine|0<<traceArgCountShift)
  			data = traceAppend(data, uint64(timers.gp.goid))
  		}
  		// This will emit a bunch of full buffers, we will pick them up
  		// on the next iteration.
  		trace.stackTab.dump()
  		return data
  	}
  	// Done.
  	if trace.shutdown {
  		trace.lockOwner = nil
  		unlock(&trace.lock)
  		if raceenabled {
  			// Model synchronization on trace.shutdownSema, which race
  			// detector does not see. This is required to avoid false
  			// race reports on writer passed to trace.Start.
  			racerelease(unsafe.Pointer(&trace.shutdownSema))
  		}
  		// trace.enabled is already reset, so can call traceable functions.
  		semrelease(&trace.shutdownSema)
  		return nil
  	}
  	// Also bad, but see the comment above.
  	trace.lockOwner = nil
  	unlock(&trace.lock)
  	println("runtime: spurious wakeup of trace reader")
  	return nil
  }
  
  // traceReader returns the trace reader that should be woken up, if any.
  func traceReader() *g {
  	if trace.reader == 0 || (trace.fullHead == 0 && !trace.shutdown) {
  		return nil
  	}
  	lock(&trace.lock)
  	if trace.reader == 0 || (trace.fullHead == 0 && !trace.shutdown) {
  		unlock(&trace.lock)
  		return nil
  	}
  	gp := trace.reader.ptr()
  	trace.reader.set(nil)
  	unlock(&trace.lock)
  	return gp
  }
  
  // traceProcFree frees trace buffer associated with pp.
  func traceProcFree(pp *p) {
  	buf := pp.tracebuf
  	pp.tracebuf = 0
  	if buf == 0 {
  		return
  	}
  	lock(&trace.lock)
  	traceFullQueue(buf)
  	unlock(&trace.lock)
  }
  
  // traceFullQueue queues buf into queue of full buffers.
  func traceFullQueue(buf traceBufPtr) {
  	buf.ptr().link = 0
  	if trace.fullHead == 0 {
  		trace.fullHead = buf
  	} else {
  		trace.fullTail.ptr().link = buf
  	}
  	trace.fullTail = buf
  }
  
  // traceFullDequeue dequeues from queue of full buffers.
  func traceFullDequeue() traceBufPtr {
  	buf := trace.fullHead
  	if buf == 0 {
  		return 0
  	}
  	trace.fullHead = buf.ptr().link
  	if trace.fullHead == 0 {
  		trace.fullTail = 0
  	}
  	buf.ptr().link = 0
  	return buf
  }
  
  // traceEvent writes a single event to trace buffer, flushing the buffer if necessary.
  // ev is event type.
  // If skip > 0, write current stack id as the last argument (skipping skip top frames).
  // If skip = 0, this event type should contain a stack, but we don't want
  // to collect and remember it for this particular call.
  func traceEvent(ev byte, skip int, args ...uint64) {
  	mp, pid, bufp := traceAcquireBuffer()
  	// Double-check trace.enabled now that we've done m.locks++ and acquired bufLock.
  	// This protects from races between traceEvent and StartTrace/StopTrace.
  
  	// The caller checked that trace.enabled == true, but trace.enabled might have been
  	// turned off between the check and now. Check again. traceLockBuffer did mp.locks++,
  	// StopTrace does stopTheWorld, and stopTheWorld waits for mp.locks to go back to zero,
  	// so if we see trace.enabled == true now, we know it's true for the rest of the function.
  	// Exitsyscall can run even during stopTheWorld. The race with StartTrace/StopTrace
  	// during tracing in exitsyscall is resolved by locking trace.bufLock in traceLockBuffer.
  	if !trace.enabled && !mp.startingtrace {
  		traceReleaseBuffer(pid)
  		return
  	}
  	buf := (*bufp).ptr()
  	const maxSize = 2 + 5*traceBytesPerNumber // event type, length, sequence, timestamp, stack id and two add params
  	if buf == nil || len(buf.arr)-buf.pos < maxSize {
  		buf = traceFlush(traceBufPtrOf(buf)).ptr()
  		(*bufp).set(buf)
  	}
  
  	ticks := uint64(cputicks()) / traceTickDiv
  	tickDiff := ticks - buf.lastTicks
  	if buf.pos == 0 {
  		buf.byte(traceEvBatch | 1<<traceArgCountShift)
  		buf.varint(uint64(pid))
  		buf.varint(ticks)
  		tickDiff = 0
  	}
  	buf.lastTicks = ticks
  	narg := byte(len(args))
  	if skip >= 0 {
  		narg++
  	}
  	// We have only 2 bits for number of arguments.
  	// If number is >= 3, then the event type is followed by event length in bytes.
  	if narg > 3 {
  		narg = 3
  	}
  	startPos := buf.pos
  	buf.byte(ev | narg<<traceArgCountShift)
  	var lenp *byte
  	if narg == 3 {
  		// Reserve the byte for length assuming that length < 128.
  		buf.varint(0)
  		lenp = &buf.arr[buf.pos-1]
  	}
  	buf.varint(tickDiff)
  	for _, a := range args {
  		buf.varint(a)
  	}
  	if skip == 0 {
  		buf.varint(0)
  	} else if skip > 0 {
  		buf.varint(traceStackID(mp, buf.stk[:], skip))
  	}
  	evSize := buf.pos - startPos
  	if evSize > maxSize {
  		throw("invalid length of trace event")
  	}
  	if lenp != nil {
  		// Fill in actual length.
  		*lenp = byte(evSize - 2)
  	}
  	traceReleaseBuffer(pid)
  }
  
  func traceStackID(mp *m, buf []uintptr, skip int) uint64 {
  	_g_ := getg()
  	gp := mp.curg
  	var nstk int
  	if gp == _g_ {
  		nstk = callers(skip+1, buf[:])
  	} else if gp != nil {
  		gp = mp.curg
  		// This may happen when tracing a system call,
  		// so we must lock the stack.
  		if gcTryLockStackBarriers(gp) {
  			nstk = gcallers(gp, skip, buf[:])
  			gcUnlockStackBarriers(gp)
  		}
  	}
  	if nstk > 0 {
  		nstk-- // skip runtime.goexit
  	}
  	if nstk > 0 && gp.goid == 1 {
  		nstk-- // skip runtime.main
  	}
  	id := trace.stackTab.put(buf[:nstk])
  	return uint64(id)
  }
  
  // traceAcquireBuffer returns trace buffer to use and, if necessary, locks it.
  func traceAcquireBuffer() (mp *m, pid int32, bufp *traceBufPtr) {
  	mp = acquirem()
  	if p := mp.p.ptr(); p != nil {
  		return mp, p.id, &p.tracebuf
  	}
  	lock(&trace.bufLock)
  	return mp, traceGlobProc, &trace.buf
  }
  
  // traceReleaseBuffer releases a buffer previously acquired with traceAcquireBuffer.
  func traceReleaseBuffer(pid int32) {
  	if pid == traceGlobProc {
  		unlock(&trace.bufLock)
  	}
  	releasem(getg().m)
  }
  
  // traceFlush puts buf onto stack of full buffers and returns an empty buffer.
  func traceFlush(buf traceBufPtr) traceBufPtr {
  	owner := trace.lockOwner
  	dolock := owner == nil || owner != getg().m.curg
  	if dolock {
  		lock(&trace.lock)
  	}
  	if buf != 0 {
  		traceFullQueue(buf)
  	}
  	if trace.empty != 0 {
  		buf = trace.empty
  		trace.empty = buf.ptr().link
  	} else {
  		buf = traceBufPtr(sysAlloc(unsafe.Sizeof(traceBuf{}), &memstats.other_sys))
  		if buf == 0 {
  			throw("trace: out of memory")
  		}
  	}
  	bufp := buf.ptr()
  	bufp.link.set(nil)
  	bufp.pos = 0
  	bufp.lastTicks = 0
  	if dolock {
  		unlock(&trace.lock)
  	}
  	return buf
  }
  
  func traceString(buf *traceBuf, s string) (uint64, *traceBuf) {
  	if s == "" {
  		return 0, buf
  	}
  	if id, ok := trace.strings[s]; ok {
  		return id, buf
  	}
  
  	trace.stringSeq++
  	id := trace.stringSeq
  	trace.strings[s] = id
  
  	size := 1 + 2*traceBytesPerNumber + len(s)
  	if len(buf.arr)-buf.pos < size {
  		buf = traceFlush(traceBufPtrOf(buf)).ptr()
  	}
  	buf.byte(traceEvString)
  	buf.varint(id)
  	buf.varint(uint64(len(s)))
  	buf.pos += copy(buf.arr[buf.pos:], s)
  	return id, buf
  }
  
  // traceAppend appends v to buf in little-endian-base-128 encoding.
  func traceAppend(buf []byte, v uint64) []byte {
  	for ; v >= 0x80; v >>= 7 {
  		buf = append(buf, 0x80|byte(v))
  	}
  	buf = append(buf, byte(v))
  	return buf
  }
  
  // varint appends v to buf in little-endian-base-128 encoding.
  func (buf *traceBuf) varint(v uint64) {
  	pos := buf.pos
  	for ; v >= 0x80; v >>= 7 {
  		buf.arr[pos] = 0x80 | byte(v)
  		pos++
  	}
  	buf.arr[pos] = byte(v)
  	pos++
  	buf.pos = pos
  }
  
  // byte appends v to buf.
  func (buf *traceBuf) byte(v byte) {
  	buf.arr[buf.pos] = v
  	buf.pos++
  }
  
  // traceStackTable maps stack traces (arrays of PC's) to unique uint32 ids.
  // It is lock-free for reading.
  type traceStackTable struct {
  	lock mutex
  	seq  uint32
  	mem  traceAlloc
  	tab  [1 << 13]traceStackPtr
  }
  
  // traceStack is a single stack in traceStackTable.
  type traceStack struct {
  	link traceStackPtr
  	hash uintptr
  	id   uint32
  	n    int
  	stk  [0]uintptr // real type [n]uintptr
  }
  
  type traceStackPtr uintptr
  
  func (tp traceStackPtr) ptr() *traceStack { return (*traceStack)(unsafe.Pointer(tp)) }
  
  // stack returns slice of PCs.
  func (ts *traceStack) stack() []uintptr {
  	return (*[traceStackSize]uintptr)(unsafe.Pointer(&ts.stk))[:ts.n]
  }
  
  // put returns a unique id for the stack trace pcs and caches it in the table,
  // if it sees the trace for the first time.
  func (tab *traceStackTable) put(pcs []uintptr) uint32 {
  	if len(pcs) == 0 {
  		return 0
  	}
  	hash := memhash(unsafe.Pointer(&pcs[0]), 0, uintptr(len(pcs))*unsafe.Sizeof(pcs[0]))
  	// First, search the hashtable w/o the mutex.
  	if id := tab.find(pcs, hash); id != 0 {
  		return id
  	}
  	// Now, double check under the mutex.
  	lock(&tab.lock)
  	if id := tab.find(pcs, hash); id != 0 {
  		unlock(&tab.lock)
  		return id
  	}
  	// Create new record.
  	tab.seq++
  	stk := tab.newStack(len(pcs))
  	stk.hash = hash
  	stk.id = tab.seq
  	stk.n = len(pcs)
  	stkpc := stk.stack()
  	for i, pc := range pcs {
  		stkpc[i] = pc
  	}
  	part := int(hash % uintptr(len(tab.tab)))
  	stk.link = tab.tab[part]
  	atomicstorep(unsafe.Pointer(&tab.tab[part]), unsafe.Pointer(stk))
  	unlock(&tab.lock)
  	return stk.id
  }
  
  // find checks if the stack trace pcs is already present in the table.
  func (tab *traceStackTable) find(pcs []uintptr, hash uintptr) uint32 {
  	part := int(hash % uintptr(len(tab.tab)))
  Search:
  	for stk := tab.tab[part].ptr(); stk != nil; stk = stk.link.ptr() {
  		if stk.hash == hash && stk.n == len(pcs) {
  			for i, stkpc := range stk.stack() {
  				if stkpc != pcs[i] {
  					continue Search
  				}
  			}
  			return stk.id
  		}
  	}
  	return 0
  }
  
  // newStack allocates a new stack of size n.
  func (tab *traceStackTable) newStack(n int) *traceStack {
  	return (*traceStack)(tab.mem.alloc(unsafe.Sizeof(traceStack{}) + uintptr(n)*sys.PtrSize))
  }
  
  // dump writes all previously cached stacks to trace buffers,
  // releases all memory and resets state.
  func (tab *traceStackTable) dump() {
  	frames := make(map[uintptr]traceFrame)
  	var tmp [(2 + 4*traceStackSize) * traceBytesPerNumber]byte
  	buf := traceFlush(0).ptr()
  	for _, stk := range tab.tab {
  		stk := stk.ptr()
  		for ; stk != nil; stk = stk.link.ptr() {
  			tmpbuf := tmp[:0]
  			tmpbuf = traceAppend(tmpbuf, uint64(stk.id))
  			tmpbuf = traceAppend(tmpbuf, uint64(stk.n))
  			for _, pc := range stk.stack() {
  				var frame traceFrame
  				frame, buf = traceFrameForPC(buf, frames, pc)
  				tmpbuf = traceAppend(tmpbuf, uint64(pc))
  				tmpbuf = traceAppend(tmpbuf, uint64(frame.funcID))
  				tmpbuf = traceAppend(tmpbuf, uint64(frame.fileID))
  				tmpbuf = traceAppend(tmpbuf, uint64(frame.line))
  			}
  			// Now copy to the buffer.
  			size := 1 + traceBytesPerNumber + len(tmpbuf)
  			if len(buf.arr)-buf.pos < size {
  				buf = traceFlush(traceBufPtrOf(buf)).ptr()
  			}
  			buf.byte(traceEvStack | 3<<traceArgCountShift)
  			buf.varint(uint64(len(tmpbuf)))
  			buf.pos += copy(buf.arr[buf.pos:], tmpbuf)
  		}
  	}
  
  	lock(&trace.lock)
  	traceFullQueue(traceBufPtrOf(buf))
  	unlock(&trace.lock)
  
  	tab.mem.drop()
  	*tab = traceStackTable{}
  }
  
  type traceFrame struct {
  	funcID uint64
  	fileID uint64
  	line   uint64
  }
  
  func traceFrameForPC(buf *traceBuf, frames map[uintptr]traceFrame, pc uintptr) (traceFrame, *traceBuf) {
  	if frame, ok := frames[pc]; ok {
  		return frame, buf
  	}
  
  	var frame traceFrame
  	f := findfunc(pc)
  	if f == nil {
  		frames[pc] = frame
  		return frame, buf
  	}
  
  	fn := funcname(f)
  	const maxLen = 1 << 10
  	if len(fn) > maxLen {
  		fn = fn[len(fn)-maxLen:]
  	}
  	frame.funcID, buf = traceString(buf, fn)
  	file, line := funcline(f, pc-sys.PCQuantum)
  	frame.line = uint64(line)
  	if len(file) > maxLen {
  		file = file[len(file)-maxLen:]
  	}
  	frame.fileID, buf = traceString(buf, file)
  	return frame, buf
  }
  
  // traceAlloc is a non-thread-safe region allocator.
  // It holds a linked list of traceAllocBlock.
  type traceAlloc struct {
  	head traceAllocBlockPtr
  	off  uintptr
  }
  
  // traceAllocBlock is a block in traceAlloc.
  //
  // traceAllocBlock is allocated from non-GC'd memory, so it must not
  // contain heap pointers. Writes to pointers to traceAllocBlocks do
  // not need write barriers.
  //
  //go:notinheap
  type traceAllocBlock struct {
  	next traceAllocBlockPtr
  	data [64<<10 - sys.PtrSize]byte
  }
  
  // TODO: Since traceAllocBlock is now go:notinheap, this isn't necessary.
  type traceAllocBlockPtr uintptr
  
  func (p traceAllocBlockPtr) ptr() *traceAllocBlock   { return (*traceAllocBlock)(unsafe.Pointer(p)) }
  func (p *traceAllocBlockPtr) set(x *traceAllocBlock) { *p = traceAllocBlockPtr(unsafe.Pointer(x)) }
  
  // alloc allocates n-byte block.
  func (a *traceAlloc) alloc(n uintptr) unsafe.Pointer {
  	n = round(n, sys.PtrSize)
  	if a.head == 0 || a.off+n > uintptr(len(a.head.ptr().data)) {
  		if n > uintptr(len(a.head.ptr().data)) {
  			throw("trace: alloc too large")
  		}
  		block := (*traceAllocBlock)(sysAlloc(unsafe.Sizeof(traceAllocBlock{}), &memstats.other_sys))
  		if block == nil {
  			throw("trace: out of memory")
  		}
  		block.next.set(a.head.ptr())
  		a.head.set(block)
  		a.off = 0
  	}
  	p := &a.head.ptr().data[a.off]
  	a.off += n
  	return unsafe.Pointer(p)
  }
  
  // drop frees all previously allocated memory and resets the allocator.
  func (a *traceAlloc) drop() {
  	for a.head != 0 {
  		block := a.head.ptr()
  		a.head.set(block.next.ptr())
  		sysFree(unsafe.Pointer(block), unsafe.Sizeof(traceAllocBlock{}), &memstats.other_sys)
  	}
  }
  
  // The following functions write specific events to trace.
  
  func traceGomaxprocs(procs int32) {
  	traceEvent(traceEvGomaxprocs, 1, uint64(procs))
  }
  
  func traceProcStart() {
  	traceEvent(traceEvProcStart, -1, uint64(getg().m.id))
  }
  
  func traceProcStop(pp *p) {
  	// Sysmon and stopTheWorld can stop Ps blocked in syscalls,
  	// to handle this we temporary employ the P.
  	mp := acquirem()
  	oldp := mp.p
  	mp.p.set(pp)
  	traceEvent(traceEvProcStop, -1)
  	mp.p = oldp
  	releasem(mp)
  }
  
  func traceGCStart() {
  	traceEvent(traceEvGCStart, 3, trace.seqGC)
  	trace.seqGC++
  }
  
  func traceGCDone() {
  	traceEvent(traceEvGCDone, -1)
  }
  
  func traceGCScanStart() {
  	traceEvent(traceEvGCScanStart, -1)
  }
  
  func traceGCScanDone() {
  	traceEvent(traceEvGCScanDone, -1)
  }
  
  func traceGCSweepStart() {
  	traceEvent(traceEvGCSweepStart, 1)
  }
  
  func traceGCSweepDone() {
  	traceEvent(traceEvGCSweepDone, -1)
  }
  
  func traceGoCreate(newg *g, pc uintptr) {
  	newg.traceseq = 0
  	newg.tracelastp = getg().m.p
  	// +PCQuantum because traceFrameForPC expects return PCs and subtracts PCQuantum.
  	id := trace.stackTab.put([]uintptr{pc + sys.PCQuantum})
  	traceEvent(traceEvGoCreate, 2, uint64(newg.goid), uint64(id))
  }
  
  func traceGoStart() {
  	_g_ := getg().m.curg
  	_p_ := _g_.m.p
  	_g_.traceseq++
  	if _g_ == _p_.ptr().gcBgMarkWorker.ptr() {
  		traceEvent(traceEvGoStartLabel, -1, uint64(_g_.goid), _g_.traceseq, trace.markWorkerLabels[_p_.ptr().gcMarkWorkerMode])
  	} else if _g_.tracelastp == _p_ {
  		traceEvent(traceEvGoStartLocal, -1, uint64(_g_.goid))
  	} else {
  		_g_.tracelastp = _p_
  		traceEvent(traceEvGoStart, -1, uint64(_g_.goid), _g_.traceseq)
  	}
  }
  
  func traceGoEnd() {
  	traceEvent(traceEvGoEnd, -1)
  }
  
  func traceGoSched() {
  	_g_ := getg()
  	_g_.tracelastp = _g_.m.p
  	traceEvent(traceEvGoSched, 1)
  }
  
  func traceGoPreempt() {
  	_g_ := getg()
  	_g_.tracelastp = _g_.m.p
  	traceEvent(traceEvGoPreempt, 1)
  }
  
  func traceGoPark(traceEv byte, skip int, gp *g) {
  	if traceEv&traceFutileWakeup != 0 {
  		traceEvent(traceEvFutileWakeup, -1)
  	}
  	traceEvent(traceEv & ^traceFutileWakeup, skip)
  }
  
  func traceGoUnpark(gp *g, skip int) {
  	_p_ := getg().m.p
  	gp.traceseq++
  	if gp.tracelastp == _p_ {
  		traceEvent(traceEvGoUnblockLocal, skip, uint64(gp.goid))
  	} else {
  		gp.tracelastp = _p_
  		traceEvent(traceEvGoUnblock, skip, uint64(gp.goid), gp.traceseq)
  	}
  }
  
  func traceGoSysCall() {
  	traceEvent(traceEvGoSysCall, 1)
  }
  
  func traceGoSysExit(ts int64) {
  	if ts != 0 && ts < trace.ticksStart {
  		// There is a race between the code that initializes sysexitticks
  		// (in exitsyscall, which runs without a P, and therefore is not
  		// stopped with the rest of the world) and the code that initializes
  		// a new trace. The recorded sysexitticks must therefore be treated
  		// as "best effort". If they are valid for this trace, then great,
  		// use them for greater accuracy. But if they're not valid for this
  		// trace, assume that the trace was started after the actual syscall
  		// exit (but before we actually managed to start the goroutine,
  		// aka right now), and assign a fresh time stamp to keep the log consistent.
  		ts = 0
  	}
  	_g_ := getg().m.curg
  	_g_.traceseq++
  	_g_.tracelastp = _g_.m.p
  	traceEvent(traceEvGoSysExit, -1, uint64(_g_.goid), _g_.traceseq, uint64(ts)/traceTickDiv)
  }
  
  func traceGoSysBlock(pp *p) {
  	// Sysmon and stopTheWorld can declare syscalls running on remote Ps as blocked,
  	// to handle this we temporary employ the P.
  	mp := acquirem()
  	oldp := mp.p
  	mp.p.set(pp)
  	traceEvent(traceEvGoSysBlock, -1)
  	mp.p = oldp
  	releasem(mp)
  }
  
  func traceHeapAlloc() {
  	traceEvent(traceEvHeapAlloc, -1, memstats.heap_live)
  }
  
  func traceNextGC() {
  	if memstats.next_gc == ^uint64(0) {
  		// Heap-based triggering is disabled.
  		traceEvent(traceEvNextGC, -1, 0)
  	} else {
  		traceEvent(traceEvNextGC, -1, memstats.next_gc)
  	}
  }
  

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