This is a port of CL 345929 to go/types. It is also a step toward making
instantiation concurrency-safe.

Also fix some whitespace in instantiate.go.

Updates #47910

Change-Id: Icdeb227cb83eee15da6db90daab294c8c55db601
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/346557
Trust: Robert Findley <rfindley@google.com>
Run-TryBot: Robert Findley <rfindley@google.com>
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>

Named type expansion and loading were conceptually similar: a mechanism
for lazily resolving type information in a concurrency-safe manner.
Unify them into a 'resolve' method, that delegates to a resolver func to
produce type parameters, underlying, and methods.

By leveraging the sync.Once field on Named for instance expansion, we
get closer to making instance expansion concurrency-safe, and remove the
requirement that instPos guard instantiation. This will be cleaned up
in a follow-up CL.

This also fixes #47887 by causing substituted type instances to be
expanded (in the old code, this could be fixed by setting instPos when
substituting).

For #47910
Fixes #47887

Change-Id: Ifc52a420dde76e3a46ce494fea9bd289bc8aca4c
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/go/+/349410
Trust: Robert Findley <rfindley@google.com>
Run-TryBot: Robert Findley <rfindley@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Go Bot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Robert Griesemer <gri@golang.org>