Updates golang/go#17503.

Change-Id: Ib635a49f9fde36493ba98a6d87b9c1dd114e0c7d
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/31362
Reviewed-by: Brad Fitzpatrick <bradfitz@golang.org>

morestack writes the context pointer to gobuf.ctxt, but since
morestack is written in assembly (and has to be very careful with
state), it does *not* invoke the requisite write barrier for this
write. Instead, we patch this up later, in newstack, where we invoke
an explicit write barrier for ctxt.

This already requires some subtle reasoning, and it's going to get a
lot hairier with the hybrid barrier.

Fix this by simplifying the whole mechanism. Instead of writing
gobuf.ctxt in morestack, just pass the value of the context register
to newstack and let it write it to gobuf.ctxt. This is a normal Go
pointer write, so it gets the normal Go write barrier. No subtle
reasoning required.

Updates #17503.

Change-Id: Ia6bf8459bfefc6828f53682ade32c02412e4db63
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/31550
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Cherry Zhang <cherryyz@google.com>

The mark 2 phase was originally introduced as a way to reduce the
chance of entering STW mark termination while there was still marking
work to do. It works by flushing and disabling all local work caches
so that all enqueued work becomes immediately globally visible.
However, mark 2 is not only slow–disabling caches makes marking and
the write barrier both much more expensive–but also imperfect. There
is still a rare but possible race (~once per all.bash) that can cause
GC to enter mark termination while there is still marking work. This
race is detailed at
https://github.com/golang/proposal/blob/master/design/17503-eliminate-rescan.md#appendix-mark-completion-race
The effect of this is that mark termination must still cope with the
possibility that there may be work remaining after a concurrent mark
phase. Dealing with this increases STW pause time and increases the
complexity of mark termination.

Furthermore, a similar but far more likely race can cause early
transition from mark 1 to mark 2. This is unfortunate because it
causes performance instability because of the cost of mark 2.

This CL fixes this by replacing mark 2 with a distributed termination
detection algorithm. This algorithm is correct, so it eliminates the
mark termination race, and doesn't require disabling local caches. It
ensures that there are no grey objects upon entering mark termination.
With this change, we're one step closer to eliminating marking from
mark termination entirely (it's still used by STW GC and checkmarks
mode).

This CL does not eliminate the gcBlackenPromptly global flag, though
it is always set to false now. It will be removed in a cleanup CL.

This led to only minor variations in the go1 benchmarks
(https://perf.golang.org/search?q=upload:20180909.1) and compilebench
benchmarks (https://perf.golang.org/search?q=upload:20180910.2).

This significantly improves performance of the garbage benchmark, with
no impact on STW times:

name                        old time/op    new time/op   delta
Garbage/benchmem-MB=64-12    2.21ms ± 1%   2.05ms ± 1%   -7.38% (p=0.000 n=18+19)
Garbage/benchmem-MB=1024-12  2.30ms ±16%   2.20ms ± 7%   -4.51% (p=0.001 n=20+20)

name                        old STW-ns/GC  new STW-ns/GC  delta
Garbage/benchmem-MB=64-12      138k ±44%     141k ±23%     ~    (p=0.309 n=19+20)
Garbage/benchmem-MB=1024-12    159k ±25%     178k ±98%     ~    (p=0.798 n=16+18)

name                        old STW-ns/op  new STW-ns/op                delta
Garbage/benchmem-MB=64-12     4.42k ±44%    4.24k ±23%     ~    (p=0.531 n=19+20)
Garbage/benchmem-MB=1024-12     591 ±24%      636 ±111%    ~    (p=0.309 n=16+18)

(https://perf.golang.org/search?q=upload:20180910.1)

Updates #26903.
Updates #17503.

Change-Id: Icbd1e12b7a12a76f423c9bf033b13cb363e4cd19
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/134318
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>

Currently, setting GODEBUG=gcrescanstacks=1 enables a debugging mode
where the garbage collector re-scans goroutine stacks during mark
termination. This was introduced in Go 1.8 to debug the hybrid write
barrier, but I don't think we ever used it.

Now it's one of the last sources of mark work during mark termination.
This CL removes it.

Updates #26903. This is preparation for unifying STW GC and concurrent
GC.

Updates #17503.

Change-Id: I6ae04d3738aa9c448e6e206e21857a33ecd12acf
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/134777
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>

Now that we do no mark work during mark termination, we no longer need
the gchelper mechanism.

Updates #26903.
Updates #17503.

Change-Id: Ie94e5c0f918cfa047e88cae1028fece106955c1b
Reviewed-on: https://go-review.googlesource.com/c/134785
Run-TryBot: Austin Clements <austin@google.com>
TryBot-Result: Gobot Gobot <gobot@golang.org>
Reviewed-by: Rick Hudson <rlh@golang.org>